We surveyed EphA2 expression in both primary and metastatic disease, evaluated its prognostic value, and tested the in vivo activity of EphA2-ILs-DTXp (as a monotherapy and in combination with gemcitabine) in EphA2-positive patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of bladder cancer. Here, EPHA2 is linked to metastatic neoplasm.