VEGFA and hepatocellular carcinoma: VEGF secreted by HCC cells could result in ICI resistance by inducing CD8+ T cell exhaustion and an immunosuppressive cellular phenotype in the tumor microenvironment (TME) [28,29].It has also been reported that compared with HCC without activating mutations the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, HCC with such mutations can induce an alteration in immune cell recruitment and result in poorer prognosis following ICI treatment.