However, in this long-term study, regardless of either sex- or region-specific adipose tissue accumulation and the sex hormone status (elevated testosterone and unaltered estradiol (E2) levels in the male and female rats respectively), the ingestion of high fat, high sucrose diet caused hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance (which was evident from the impaired insulin-mediated glucose clearance and glucose uptake of the skeletal muscle) in both the male and female rats. This evidence concerns the gene INS and hyperinsulinism.