However, such view is challenged by cumulative evidence showing that it can enhance certain facets of locoregional immune response in a variety of human cancers.21–23,29,65 Along this line, we discovered that preoperative chemotherapy indeed converted cervical lesion into a site permissive for antitumour immunity, as exemplified by selective enrichment of CD4+, CD8+, CD20+, and CD56+ TIL. Here, CD4 is linked to cancer.