It is noteworthy that IL-6 and IL-36α expression are elevated following treatment with BPs.29 IL-6 subsequently activates the STAT3 pathway, while IL-36α activates the ERK signalling pathway and subsequently inhibits translocation of TGF-β1 and the Smad signalling pathway.21,29 Furthermore, TLR-4-mediated macrophage polarisation participates in the pathogenesis of BRONJ in mice.34 Therefore, it is possible that multiple signalling pathways participate in the pathogenesis of MRONJ. Here, IL6 is linked to Bartsocas-Papas syndrome 1.