Western blot analysis showed that PP1α was activated in the pre-symptomatic period of ALS (Fig. 3d) and the phosphorylation of PP1 was decreased in the ChAT+ neurons of G93A mouse at pre- and post-symptomatic period, as well as in mSOD1 or TDP43 expressing cortical neurons (Supplementary Fig. 2). This evidence concerns the gene PPA1 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.