VEGFA and meningeal tuberculosis: Other studies that evaluated the value of various protein biomarkers as TBM diagnostic candidates include a South African study by Visser et al. (87), which identified a three-marker CSF biosignature of IL-13, VEGF, and cathelicidin LL-37, that showed potential (sensitivity of 52.0%), specificity of 95.0%, PPV of 91.0%, and NPV of 66.0% in the diagnosis of TBM in young children (87).