Furthermore, BRCA1/2 testing or multiple gene panel testing is sometimes initiated by the individual (in consultation with health care professionals) for two typical reasons: (c) by an individual who is concerned with the number of cases of cancer in the family (this may aim to assess the risk of healthy family members developing a particular type of cancer), or (d) by an individual with a form of pre-existing cancer in order to provide clinical guidance for this particular case. This evidence concerns the gene BRCA1 and cancer.