Prior to adjustment, all seven HRV indices were lower in participants with type 2 diabetes than in those with type 1 diabetes but after adjustment for sex, age, BMI, smoking status, HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, M value, triacylglycerols, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, creatinine, proteinuria, insulin therapy, oral glucose-lowering drugs, antihypertensive drugs and lipid-lowering drugs, no differences in any of the HRV measures were found between the groups (Table 1). This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus.