Although TCR-transgenic CD4+ T cells recognising the HLA-DQ8-restricted INSB9-23 epitope transferred into HLA-DQ8-transgenic mice reconstituted with human thymus and CD34+ cells induced diabetes [64], they required strong priming conditions (i.e. multiple low-dose streptozotocin and INSB9-23 peptide immunisation). Here, CD4 is linked to diabetes mellitus.