TNF and hepatocellular carcinoma: HCC may achieve a role in the treatment of IS by intervening in a series of targets (such as ALB, AKT1, MMP9, IGF1, and CASP3), biological processes (such as endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation modules, hypoxia modules, regulation of neuronal apoptosis and proliferation, angiogenesis, coagulation and platelet activation, and oxidative stress), and signaling pathways (such as PI3K-Akt, FoxO, TNF, HIF-1, and Rap1 signaling).