LGALS9 and plasma cell myeloma: For myeloma cells, the activation of JNK and p38 MAP kinase pathways contributed to Gal-9-dependent apoptosis.52 For chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cells, transcription factor 3 played an important role in the Gal-9-induced cell death.53 Kuroda et al53 further confirmed the apoptosis-inducing effect of exogenous Gal-9 in CML cells.