In view of previous studies demonstrating the pleiotropic functions of these factors under homeostasis and demyelinating diseases [8, 38–40] and their opposite direction in RAM-589.555-treated mice as compared with vehicle-treated mice, it is likely that IL-6 and TGFβ secreted by astrocytes play a protective rather a detrimental role. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is demyelinating disease.