LEP and coronary atherosclerosis: Patients with CAD also have increased leptin circulating levels, along with other pro-inflammatory markers such as TNFα, C-reactive protein (CRP), or IL-6, as well as higher leptin expression in SAT, EAT, and PVAT, with leptin expression in EAT being considered as an independent risk factor for coronary atherosclerosis [53,54,55,56].