Moreover, since the growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), a member of the TGF-beta family, has been described to be controlled by MAP kinase and amyloid, along with increased inflammation, oxidative stress, hypoxia and oncogene activation, it is reasonable to foresee the direct role played by GDF-15 in fueling the multiorgan and renal dysfunction in both AL [52] and non-AL amyloidosis. Here, GDF15 is linked to AL amyloidosis.