NPPB and hydrops fetalis: Although all models result in acute changes in hemodynamics and neurohumoral activation over the first 24 h consistent with acute MI, the longer-term (1–4 weeks) effects to raise key hemodynamic indices of HF such as left atrial pressure (LAP) and circulating levels of HF biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) are modest at best [22].