TNF and systemic lupus erythematosus: To evaluate the role of IL‐38 in circulating inflammatory biomarkers related to lupus and to confirm the abnormal expression of the inflammatory cytokines in patients with SLE we noted, the plasma levels of TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6 and IL‐23 were tested in pristane‐induced lupus mice treated with or without IL‐38.