CSF3 and breast carcinoma: In breast cancer, data from clinical studies prospectively evaluating the effects of CT on MDSCs are scant, and the results are somewhat conflicting.193–195 However, these data are far from conclusive, considering the limited sample sizes, the heterogeneity of the patient populations (in terms of breast cancer phenotype classified according to hormone receptor and HER2 expression), as well as differences in G-CSF use, which is one of the key drivers of aberrant expansion of myeloid cells.