Furthermore, the study with the largest sample size investigating the immunohistochemical expression of HIF1α and its relation with survival in ccRCC (n = 308) showed that ccRCC had much higher HIF1α IHC expression than normal kidney, and also that higher expression was associated with significantly worse survival (p = 0.005), arguing against HIF1α being a tumor-suppressor in the disease28, in accordance with the RPPA data. This evidence concerns the gene HIF1A and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.