The existing scoring systems and nomograms that are used to identify patients at high risk of progression are based solely on routine clinical and pathological variables at the time of diagnosis or surgery, including preoperative (pre-op) PSA levels, GS/ISUP grade scoring, tumour staging (clinical or pathological T-stage) and margin status (Figure 1) [11,25,26,27,28,29,30]. Here, KLK3 is linked to neoplasm.