ESR1 and cancer: Substantial evidence indicates that the anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects of I3C and its metabolic derivatives are attributed to their ability to modulate several nuclear transcriptional factors including the estrogen receptor (ER), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which contribute to maintaining hormonal homeostasis, inhibiting cell cycle progression/apoptosis, inducing DNA repair, and enhancing carcinogen metabolism [17,18].