TGFB1 and cerebrovascular disorder: As one of the most important and complex signaling pathways in vascular development, TGF-β/SMAD signaling plays diverse functions during the development and homeostasis of the brain vessel, and dysfunction in this signaling pathway has been linked to various cerebrovascular diseases (Park et al., 2009; Nguyen et al., 2011; Maddaluno et al., 2013).