Increased expression of TGF-β1 has been found in the brain tissue after ischemic stroke, as well as in hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis-Dutch type (Krupinski et al., 1996; Grand Moursel et al., 2018), while a recent transcriptome-wide RNA sequencing study revealed that TGF-β signaling was downregulated in patients with brain AVMs (Hauer et al., 2020). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is amyloidosis.