ABCB1 and cancer: At present, it is extremely challenging to develop and experimentally validate mathematical models using pathogens, where drug resistance genes have evolved to be highly connected to the host genome; for instance, the expression of MDR1/p-glycoprotein (responsible for multiple drug resistance (MDR) of tumors to chemotherapy; Gottesman et al., 2002) is regulated by a multitude of factors, making it difficult to quantitatively study how non-genetic mechanisms may contribute to AMR and drug resistance in cancer (Camellato et al., 2019).