CD274 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Although targeted therapy such as immune checkpoint inhibitors including anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) have recently improved the therapeutic efficacy for certain NSCLC patients (Borghaei et al., 2015; Brahmer et al., 2015), the aggressive characteristics of NSCLC have made it an intractable issue.