HSPD1 and arthritic joint disease: Although there are several pieces of evidence on the tolerogenic role of Hsp65 in different arthritis models, including ingestion of recombinant Mycobacterium Hsp65 (36, 37), the use of recombinant L. lactis has advantages: it has anti-inflammatory properties of its own, it survives through the digestive tract and delivers large amounts of Hsp65 directly into the mucosa, boosting its tolerogenic effect (30).