The PD1 and CTLA-4 pathways have roles to play in antifungal defences (374), as demonstrated in vitro in a murine model of Histoplasma capsulatum infection (PD1) (375) and in blood from patients with paracoccidioidomycosis (CTLA-4) (376). The gene discussed is CTLA4; the disease is paracoccidioidomycosis.