In cancer patients with chemotherapy-associated neutropenia, the prophylactic use Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF; e.g., filgrastim) is FDA-approved and results in a decrease in rates of infection and infection-related morbidity (all causes) in patients receiving cancer therapy or undergoing stem-cell transplantation, although the effect on infection-related mortality was moderate (348). The gene discussed is CSF3; the disease is infection.