CCL4 and HIV-1 infection: These genes comprised the TFs STAT1, IRF1 and IRF7 and the regulator of NF-κB activity NFKBIA, which are all part of the network of Figure 3A, as well as CCR5 and its ligands CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5, which play key roles in HIV-1 infection (Figure 3E).