Further, human CD39 overexpression or administration of APT102—the extracellular domain with improved ADPase activity of human nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-3 (CD39L3), a member of the CD39 family—restores AhR-mediated regulatory effects on CD-derived Tregs in vitro and prevents hypoxia-related damage in experimental colitis in vivo (20) (Figure 2D). This evidence concerns the gene ENTPD1 and colitis.