NFKB1 and infection: Lai et al. (2014) had an unexpected observation wherein they showed that upon HCoV-OC43 infection, N protein could bind to miR-9 and lead to host inflammatory response by NF-kβ activation. miR-9 is known to negatively regulate NFKB1, involved in the NF-kβ pathway (Bazzoni et al., 2009), and under stimulus and/or OC43 infection, expression of both miR-9 and NFKB1 increases.