Although the FA-induced activation of NOD-like receptor (NLR) NLRP3 inflammasome, which promotes IL-1β production, has been implicated in the progression of NAFLD to NASH (265–267), the potential role of estrogens in directly modulating NLRP3 inflammasome in the progression of NAFLD to NASH has been very poorly investigated (268) and remains unclear. Here, NLRP3 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.