LTF and inflammatory bowel disease: Unfortunately, IBD gut damage and the HIV enteropathy are evidently different (HIV infection is characterized by a depletion of Th17 cells, affecting neutrophil recruitment, mucosal regeneration and antimicrobial peptides production), thus we cannot consider that the levels found in our study are not pathological; importantly, 50% of INRs present elevated concentrations (75th percentile) of lactoferrin and calprotectin.