ACE2 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: We have previously reported that ICS potently suppress epithelial expression of type I interferons and ISGs in a range of in vitro and in vivo COPD models,8 and it is plausible that ICS-mediated suppression of interferon might drive downregulation of ACE2 in the lungs and thus be an important determinant of susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with chronic lung disease.