IFNG and infection: To test if these four GRAs are also important for parasite fitness in IFNγ-activated macrophages of other species, primary rat BMDMs and human THP-1 macrophages were stimulated with IFNγ or left unstimulated followed by infection with wild-type, Δgra45, Δgra22, ΔTGGT1_263560, or ΔTGGT1_269950 parasites (Fig. 3c–h).