The emergence of two treatment paradigms has revolutionized cancer treatment and improved survival clinical among subsets of patients, with advanced NSCLC: targeted therapy represented by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs)2,3 and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting the programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor on T-cells, or the programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expressed by tumor cells4–8. This evidence concerns the gene EGFR and cancer.