However, as metformin normalizes CD4+ T-cell mitochondrial function to alleviate lupus in B6.Sle1.Sle2.Sle3 mice63 and aging-associated inflammation64 in humans, an effect of metformin on CD4+ T-cell metabolism in Mtb-infected hosts cannot be excluded. This evidence concerns the gene TLR5 and systemic lupus erythematosus.