INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Other genetic polymorphisms that have also been associated with T1D development include those for the Insulin gene (INS) [105], IL-2 receptor α [106], Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA4) [107], Protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor 22 (PTPN22) [108] and Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1) [109].