PTEN and cancer: It has been shown that this protein can promote cancer cell survival and their proliferation and metastasis formation by activating the Akt/mTOR, MEK/ERK, NF-κB, and HIFα pathways and through activating the PLAGL2/Wnt/BMP4 axis signaling pathways [143,144] DJ-1 may antagonize the PTEN tumor suppressor to inhibit PTEN gene activity.