Given that only limited numbers of primary LPMCs can be obtained per donor, we selected IFNα1, IFNα2, IFNα5, IFNα8 and IFNα14, as these were highly expressed in HIV-1-exposed primary pDCs in vitro and in PBMCs during chronic HIV-1 infection in vivo [12, 38]. Here, IFNA5 is linked to HIV-1 infection.