AR and Hyperglycemia: It is acknowledged that the AR activity is definitely stimulated in HG and diabetes, contributing to promotion of the sorbitol pathway, additionally due to the hexokinase activity (HK) saturated in hyperglycemia, resulting in NADPH/NADP+ and NAD+/NADH ratio depletion and subsequent inhibition of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), which is the major source of NADPH to sustain GSH [11, 12, 28].