INS and Insulin resistance: To observe the effect of trilobatin on insulin signaling molecules under the condition of insulin resistance, we determined the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) and its downstream molecule AKT in palmitate-treated C2C12 myotubes, the results showed that trilobatin treatment recovered the phosphorylation of IRS1 at Ser 612 (Fig. 3a), Ser 307 (Fig. 3b) and AKT at Thr 308 (Fig. 3c) under stimulation with insulin, but there was no significant impact on the phosphorylation of AKT at Ser 473 (Fig. 3d).