Our previous study found higher TLR2 levels in AVICs from aortic valves affected by CAVD versus those in AVICs from normal aortic valves, indicating a mechanistic role of TLR2 over-expression in mediating the elevated inflammatory and osteogenic activities in diseased aortic valves 10. This evidence concerns the gene TLR2 and congenital bilateral aplasia of vas deferens from CFTR mutation.