The relevance of CDK5RAP1 in tumor progression has also been demonstrated by the fact that this enzyme was upregulated in the epithelial human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 and glioblastoma cell line U87VIII 58 after treatment with AC1MMYR2, a small molecule that inhibits CDK5 activity by elevating CDK5RAP1 via miR-21, which then competes with p39 for the activation of CDK5 (Fig. 2) 58. Here, CDK5RAP1 is linked to breast carcinoma.