In the in vivo studies, the combination of rAd-p53 and anti-PD-1 antibody (a schematic drawing of the combination treatment showed in Figs. 5a,6a) suppressed TRAMP-C2 and Renca tumor growth compared to the other treatment groups after tumor inoculation (Figs. 5b,6b). Here, PDCD1 is linked to neoplasm.