Among our results, several immune-related pathways including those activated by Fc-epsilon-related signaling (LYN and PI3K), NIK/NF-κB (ub, CUL1, SKP1, proteasome, and NFKB2), and via C-type lectin receptor pathways (PTPN11 and CARD9) were enriched in the COVID-19 lungs (Fig. 2 and Supplementary Fig. S4d). Here, SKP1 is linked to COVID-19.