ACE2 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Overall, these studies reveal that ACE2 is protective against Ang-II-mediated or pressure overload-induced heart failure23,24, myocardial infarction25, vascular dysfunction and atherosclerosis26,27, abdominal aortic aneurysm28, hepatic steatosis and fibrosis29,30, obesity or diabetes-associated metabolic and cardiovascular disorders31,32, renal fibrosis and inflammation33,34, and diabetes or hypertension associated nephropathy35,36.