LTA and infection: No toxin was measured in the SHIME ileum during the first 3 h post-infection in all donors (Fig. 5b); yet, LT was produced at high levels varying between 3500 to 7200 pg mL−1 in the ascending colon, 5 h post-infection in three (donors 1, 2, and 3) out of the six donors (p = 0.042).