Biologic agents, such as antagonists of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-a, which are used as therapeutic approaches for autoimmune conditions including rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, plaque psoriasis and inflammatory bowel diseases directly or indirectly impact the immune response against fungal pathogens, mainly by affecting inflammatory processes, thus increasing the risk of IFD.34 This evidence concerns the gene TNF and Autoimmunity.