PPARɣ is up-regulated in many cancer cell types, but the effect of numerous PPARɣ ligands, including 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 and thiazolidinediones (TZDs), inhibit tumor growth in several cancer types (e.g. lung, ovarian, pancreatic, and colon) and cause cell death15–20. This evidence concerns the gene PPARA and cancer.