TNF and Alzheimer disease: Consistently, central and peripheral immune/inflammatory markers, including specific Treg cells markers FoxP3 and GITR, as well as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), IL-1β and TNFα are restored to basal levels, while, on the other hand, expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 is significantly upregulated after chronic treatment of transgenic AD mice with anti-TRAIL antibody [18].