CCL2 and prostate carcinoma: Prostate cancer cells express chemokine and chemokine receptors, as well as endogenously produced chemokines and cytokines such as MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 [47,48,49], some of which are secreted at a higher level in PC-3 cells (mCRPC cell line) than in LNCaP cells (mCSPC cell line).